U.S. consumer inflation increased at its fastest pace in three years in May, boosted by surging prices for energy products amid the Middle East conflict, and giving more ammunition for the Federal Reserve to keep interest rates unchanged into 2027.

The third straight month of strong increases in the Consumer Price Index reported by the Labor Department on Wednesday underscored the mounting pressure on households, who are increasingly tapping their savings to fund spending.

Inflation outpaced wage growth for a second consecutive month, which could weigh on overall economic growth. The soaring cost of living is a political liability for President Donald Trump and his Republican Party, seeking to retain control of Congress in the midterm elections in November. Trump won the 2024 presidential election in large part because of his promise to lower inflation, but has seen his approval rating tumble as frustration mounts over his handling of the economy.

“Americans are getting squeezed financially by inflation,” said Heather Long, chief economist at Navy Federal Credit Union. “It’s not just bad vibes about the economy now; there are real financial pressures, especially on middle-class and lower-income households.”

The Consumer Price Index increased 4.2% in the 12 months through May, the largest gain since April 2023, the Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics said. The CPI advanced 3.8% year-on-year in April. Prices increased 0.5% over the month after climbing 0.6% in April. The rise in inflation was in line with economists’ expectations.

The U.S. central bank tracks the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Indexes for its 2% inflation target. All inflation measures are running well above the Fed’s target.

A 3.9% jump in the prices of energy goods accounted for more than 60% of the rise in the monthly CPI. Energy prices rose 3.8% in April. They vaulted 23.5% in the 12 months through May. Gasoline prices accelerated 7.0% over the month and were up 40.5% from a year ago. Prices at the pump have retreated in recent weeks as oil prices eased, raising cautious optimism among economists that May could be the peak in CPI inflation.

But the U.S. and Iran engaged in tit-for-tat strikes on Tuesday, with President Donald Trump saying on Wednesday Tehran had taken too long to negotiate a deal and would ​now “have to pay the price.” Iran has said it would reassess diplomatic engagement with Washington.

Inflation last month was also lifted by higher rents. While food price growth slowed after accelerating in April, risks remained to the upside as the war, now in its fourth month, has raised the cost of fertilizers. Grocery prices edged up 0.1%, with increases in the prices of nonalcoholic beverages, cereals and bakery products as well as fruits and vegetables partially offset by decreases in the cost of meat and dairy products.

Rents Remain Elevated

Excluding the volatile food and energy components, the CPI increased 2.9% year-on-year in May after rising 2.8% in April. The so-called core CPI gained 0.2% on a monthly basis after rising 0.4% in April. The slowdown in the monthly core CPI mostly reflected a 1.7% drop in motor vehicle insurance, the largest decline since October 2020.

Rents increased a solid 0.4% after rising 0.5% in April. Rent measures were boosted by a one-time adjustment in April after last year’s shutdown of the government prevented data collection. Economists had expected the effects to fade in May.

The dollar slipped against a basket of currencies. U.S. Treasury yields edged higher.

The CPI report followed news last week that the economy posted a third successive month of above-expectations job growth in May. The unemployment rate remained at 4.3% for a third consecutive month. Though financial markets have started pricing in a rate hike, economists continued to believe the bar remained high for the central bank to tighten monetary policy.

The Fed is expected to leave its benchmark overnight interest rate in the 3.50%-3.75% range at next week’s meeting.

“Now that the Iran crisis has extended into June, we have begun to see broader impacts across several categories of consumer prices,” said Jeffrey Roach, chief economist at LPL Financial. “If the Strait of Hormuz remains disrupted through the Labor Day weekend, we would expect the energy shock to affect additional sectors and heighten uncertainty about the future path of monetary policy.”

(Reporting by Lucia Mutikani; Editing by Chizu Nomiyama and Andrea Ricci )