SAN FRANCISCO — A U.S. appeals court on Friday ordered a new trial in a lawsuit accusing Led Zeppelin of copying an obscure 1960s instrumental for the intro to its classic 1971 rock anthem “Stairway to Heaven.”
A federal court jury in Los Angeles two years ago found Led Zeppelin did not copy the famous riff from the song “Taurus” by the band Spirit. But the three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously that the lower court judge provided erroneous jury instructions. It sent the case back to the court for another trial.
A phone message left with an attorney for Led Zeppelin, Peter Anderson, was not immediately returned.
Michael Skidmore, a trustee for the estate of late Spirit guitarist Randy Wolfe, filed the law suit against Led Zeppelin in 2015.
Jurors returned their verdict for Led Zeppelin after a five-day trial at which band members Jimmy Page and Robert Plant testified.
Page says he wrote the music and Plant has claimed the lyrics, saying “Stairway” was an original. In several hours of often-animated and amusing testimony, they described the craft behind one of rock’s best-known songs.

Jury Found Songs Not Substantially Similar

The jury found “Stairway to Heaven” and “Taurus” were not substantially similar, according the 9th Circuit ruling.

But U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner failed to advise jurors that while individual elements of a song such as its notes or scale may not qualify for copyright protection, a combination of those elements may if it is sufficiently original, 9th Circuit Judge Richard Paez said.
Wesley Lewis, an attorney who handles copyright cases at the firm, Haynes and Boone, said that was an important copyright principle that could prompt jurors to think differently about the case.
Klausner also wrongly told jurors that copyright does not protect chromatic scales, arpeggios or short sequences of three notes, the 9th Circuit panel found.
“This error was not harmless as it undercut testimony by Skidmore’s expert that Led Zeppelin copied a chromatic scale that had been used in an original manner,” Paez said.

Another Misleading Jury Instruction

The panel also found another jury instruction misleading. Francis Malofiy, an attorney for Skidmore, said in a statement his client faced “unfair rulings at the trial court level” and looked forward “to the challenge of a fair fight.”

“Today, we are proud that three esteemed jurists from the 9th Circuit recognized the battle that we fought and the injustice that we faced,” he said.
One of the issues that came up at trial was that jurors could only listen to experts’ renditions of the sheet music for “Taurus,” not the recorded version of the song as performed by Spirit.
Steven Weinberg, a copyright lawyer who watched the trial, said the sheet music for “Taurus” wasn’t faithful to the recording, so jurors could not fairly compare the songs.
The 9th Circuit in its ruling Friday said jurors should have been allowed to hear the recording to help establish that Page had “access” to “Taurus,” meaning he would have been familiar with it.
Weinberg said a new jury will now get to hear a recording of “Taurus.”
“I believe that ruling alone has the potential of changing the outcome at the next trial because the jury will finally get to compare ‘apples to apples,’ he said.

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