The Trump administration’s campaign to dismantle the Education Department drew a pair of court challenges Monday, as opponents called the plan an attempt to evade congressional authority.

The first lawsuit was filed in federal court in Massachusetts by the American Federation of Teachers, a teachers union; the American Association of University Professors; and two public school districts in Massachusetts. Within hours the NAACP, the National Education Association union and other critics had brought a case of their own in federal court in Maryland.

The challenges came four days after President Donald Trump signed an executive order that directed the education secretary, Linda McMahon, to “take all necessary steps to facilitate the closure of the department.”

The day after the order, Trump announced that the Small Business Administration would assume control of the government’s $1.6 trillion student loan portfolio, and that the Health and Human Services Department would oversee nutrition programs and special education services.

Education Department Must Be Closed With Congress’ Consent

The Education Department, created in 1979, cannot be closed without Congress’ consent. The Massachusetts lawsuit argues that the Trump administration’s moves since it came to power in January, including an effort to roughly halve the department’s workforce, “will interfere with the department’s ability to carry out its statutorily required functions.”

Ilana Krepchin, chair of the Somerville, Massachusetts, school committee, which is a plaintiff in the Massachusetts case, said that the Education Department was a “cornerstone of equitable public education.”

“Dismantling it would cause real harm — not only to our students and schools, but to communities across the country,” Krepchin said.

Madi Biedermann, a spokesperson for the Education Department, said that all federally mandated programs would remain in the agency and that the administration had promised to work with Congress in order to close the department.

“Instead of focusing on the facts and offering helpful solutions to improve student outcomes, the union is once again misleading the American public to keep their stranglehold on the American education bureaucracy,” Biedermann said, referring to the American Federation of Teachers.

Top Republicans on Capitol Hill — including Sen. Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, chair of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions — have pledged to support the president’s push, which has been emraced by some right-leaning groups.

But rank-and-file lawmakers are expected to face significant pressure, both for and against the plan, before any vote is held.

Charles L. Welch, the president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, said last week that he was “dismayed” by Trump’s order and urged lawmakers to, in effect, defy the White House and help preserve the department.

Education Department Has Limited Power Over What Is Taught

The Education Department has limited power over what is taught in American classrooms. Its principal jobs are to distribute money to schools, enforce civil rights laws and run the federal student aid program for college students. It has historically played a large role in data collection and education research funding.

It is not clear when any legislation to close or rebuild the department might come to a vote.

In the Maryland case, the NAACP and the NEA, the nation’s largest teachers union, were among the plaintiffs who argued that the administration’s tactics over the last two months amounted to “a de facto dismantling of the department by executive fiat.”

“Donald Trump’s own secretary of education has acknowledged they can’t legally shut down the Department of Education without Congress,” said Aaron Ament, president of the National Student Legal Defense Network, which is helping represent the National Education Association in the case.

“Yet that is, for all intents and purposes, exactly what they are doing,” he added. “It’s a brazen violation of the law that will upend the lives of countless students and families.”

Derrick Johnson, president and CEO of the NAACP, accused Trump of doing far more than trying to shrink or shutter an agency.

“Education is power,” Johnson said. Referring to Trump, he added, “He is deliberately destroying the pathway many Americans have to a better life.”

The NAACP and the other challengers in Maryland asked a federal judge to prohibit the Education Department and McMahon “from continuing their dismantling of the department and implementing the March 20 executive order.”

In a separate, privacy-focused case also in Maryland, a federal judge ruled Monday that the Education Department could not supply sensitive data to the Department of Government Efficiency, which is led by Elon Musk.

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This article originally appeared in The New York Times.

By Alan Blinder and Michael C. Bender/Haiyun Jiang
c. 2025 The New York Times Company