Protesters took to the streets of the capital, Tehran, and other cities in Iran on Monday to decry surging inflation and the collapse of the national currency, which have thrown markets into chaos and punched holes in family budgets.

The currency plunged to a record low this past weekend against the U.S. dollar and the annual inflation rate rose to 42.2% in December.

Amid the turmoil, the head of Iran’s central bank, Mohammad Reza Farzin, resigned Monday, pending the president’s acceptance, local news media reported. A former economy minister, Abdolnaser Hemmati, was set to replace him.

Iranian President Acknowledges Crisis

President Masoud Pezeshkian acknowledged the magnitude of the crisis while speaking to parliament on Sunday about the country’s proposed 2026 budget.

“They say, increase salaries,” he said. “Where will we get the money?” He blamed decisions taken by previous governments, parliaments and officials for the situation.

The economic turmoil poses a new challenge for Iran’s leaders as they seek to maintain control of their country of 92 million people while recovering from attacks on its nuclear facilities in June by Israel and the United States and a campaign of “maximum pressure” from the Trump administration aimed at securing a new agreement about Iran’s nuclear program.

Iran has experienced repeated waves of protests fueled by economic woes, drought and other grievances since 2017, and it was not immediately clear whether these new demonstrations would grow and spread to additional cities.

Iranian security forces have repressed previous protests with deadly force and arrests, raising the stakes for those who make their complaints public. Videos shared online Monday showed security forces firing tear gas to disperse some of the protests in Tehran and at least two other cities.

Experts attribute Iran’s deepening economic pain to a host of factors from poor management to policies that keep the country’s economy closed. The stepped-up efforts by the Trump administration to limit Iran’s oil sales to foreign countries and the war with Israel in June, during which the government tapped Iranian banks to cover its costs, have also contributed to the worsening economy.

The government has few options to address the crisis swiftly, said Amir Hossein Mahdavi, a doctoral candidate in political science at the University of Connecticut who studies Iran’s economy.

It could change its relationship with the United States in exchange for relief on sanctions, he said, or drastically cut government spending, but neither option appears likely.

“At present, the risk of sustained high inflation, and a repetition of recent experiences such as those of Venezuela and Argentina, is increasingly growing,” Mahdavi said.

Proposed 2026 Budget

The proposed 2026 budget showed the government’s dilemma, reflecting a substantial decrease in oil revenue and an increased reliance on tax revenue.

On Monday, the parliament rejected the proposed budget, the semiofficial Tasnim News Agency reported.

The Economy and Foreign Affairs ministries did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

The currency collapse has been painful for ordinary Iranians, who have watched the value of their salaries and savings drop while prices for goods and services skyrocketed.

Omid, 42, a sales manager in Tehran, said the value of his monthly income has dropped to the equivalent of $200 per month from $300 in just two months, giving him anxiety.

He said he worried about being able to cover his elderly parents’ medical bills and that his car would break down and he would be unable to fix it.

“These days, even hanging out with friends feels restricted, as we’re constantly calculating like human calculators whether we can squeeze in the cost of a simple coffee,” he said.

Mariam, 41, a bank employee in Tehran, said other Iranians see her as upper middle class even though her salary now only covers two-thirds of her monthly expenses.

Both Mariam and Omid spoke by telephone and asked to be identified by their first names only for fear of government reprisals.

Mariam said she rarely ate out and avoided buying red meat or inviting guests over for meals.

“Things have gotten so expensive that over the past few days when I had guests, I was constantly crunching numbers to ensure I wouldn’t run out of money before the end of the month,” she said.

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This article originally appeared in The New York Times.

By Ben Hubbard, Sanam Mahoozi and Leily Nikounazar/Arash Khamooshi
c. 2025 The New York Times Company